For a healthy 30-year-old woman, the chance of conceiving naturally in one month is about 20%. This means that only one out of five women who are trying to conceive will become pregnant within a month. After six months, the probability rises to 75%, and after one year, it reaches 85%. However, around 10-15% of couples of reproductive age face infertility issues. In this article, we will discuss what IVF treatment is and how it is performed.
When couples are unable to conceive naturally after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse, the underlying causes of infertility are investigated through appropriate tests. Once the problems are identified, the treatment process begins. The doctor, together with the couple, decides which treatment option—such as ovulation therapy, intrauterine insemination (IUI),or IVF treatment—is most suitable based on the cause of infertility.
In our IVF clinic in Istanbul, IVF may sometimes be the first treatment option for couples, or it may be used after other treatments have failed to achieve pregnancy. Today, even couples who were previously thought to be unable to conceive are becoming parents thanks to IVF treatment.
During IVF treatment, eggs produced in the woman’s body are collected and fertilized with the man's sperm outside the body in a laboratory. The resulting embryo is then transferred back into the woman's uterus. The main stages of IVF treatment include stimulating the ovaries with injections, egg retrieval, fertilizing the egg with sperm in the laboratory (often through a technique known as ICSI – Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection),embryo culture, and embryo transfer.
Several factors influence the success of IVF treatment. These include the quality of the sperm and eggs, the age of the woman, and the health of reproductive organs like the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. Additionally, the general health of both partners plays a significant role in the treatment’s outcome. Beyond these factors, the experience and technical capability of the IVF doctor and the clinic are also crucial to the success of the treatment.
When choosing an IVF clinic in Istanbul, it is essential to look for doctors, embryologists, and team members who are experts in their field and have extensive experience. Positive patient reviews from those who have undergone IVF at the clinic can also help guide your decision.
If an IVF clinic in Istanbul has been operating for a long time, it is usually an indication of success, as unsuccessful clinics are not able to sustain their operations. A successful IVF center is one that adheres to international treatment standards, utilizes the latest scientific and technological advancements, and has the necessary teamwork and synergy to deliver the best results.
In Istanbul, IVF treatments combine affordability with world-class care, making it a prime destination for couples seeking successful fertility solutions. The combination of experienced doctors, advanced technology, and competitive pricing means that many couples find success with their IVF journey in Istanbul. Success rates in Istanbul’s IVF clinics are comparable to those in leading fertility centers across Europe and the USA.
Before undergoing IVF treatment, there are several other fertility treatment options that may be recommended, depending on the couple's specific circumstances. These options are generally explored if the woman is not at advanced age, ovarian reserves have not significantly diminished, and the sperm quality and count are sufficient. Additionally, if the woman’s fallopian tubes are open and healthy, the following treatments may be considered:
If a woman has issues with ovulation, medication can be administered to stimulate the ovaries and promote the release of eggs. Ovulation problems are common in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) who often experience irregular menstrual cycles.
This treatment can be conducted using oral medication or daily hormone injections. In most cases, doctors start with oral medication, which is usually taken beginning on the second or third day of the menstrual cycle. The development of the eggs is monitored through regular ultrasounds. Ovulation induction results in pregnancy for about 15-20% of couples. However, if pregnancy is not achieved after 3-4 cycles of treatment, a further assessment is made, and the couple may be advised to move on to intrauterine insemination (IUI) or IVF treatment.
IUI is often recommended for couples who struggle with infertility due to unexplained causes, sexual dysfunction, retrograde ejaculation, or conditions like vaginismus. It is also an option for couples where the male partner has a lower sperm count or reduced sperm motility. In cases where sperm has been preserved due to cancer treatments or other medical conditions, IUI is a viable method. Furthermore, women with mild endometriosis, one of the fallopian tubes blocked , or ovulation disorders may also benefit from this treatment.
During IUI, sperm is collected and processed in the laboratory to isolate the healthiest and most motile sperm. The concentrated sperm is then inserted directly into the uterus using a thin catheter. The success rate for IUI varies based on sperm count and other factors, but the average success rate is around 20%. If pregnancy is not achieved after 3-4 cycles, the couple is typically recommended to pursue IVF treatment.
IVF treatment in Istanbul is often the next step for couples who have tried other fertility treatments without success. It is especially recommended in the following situations:
Choosing the right IVF clinic in Istanbul can significantly influence success rates. The success of the treatment depends on multiple factors such as the quality of sperm and eggs, the woman’s age, and the health of reproductive organs like the uterus and ovaries. Furthermore, the skill and experience of the doctors and embryologists play a critical role. A clinic with advanced IVF technology and state-of-the-art laboratory facilities, combined with experienced fertility specialists, can achieve high success rates.
Many clinics in Istanbul have achieved global recognition for their high IVF success rates, thanks to their modern equipment, comprehensive diagnostic capabilities, and personalized care. Couples can expect to receive world-class treatment with success rates comparable to top clinics in Europe and the United States, but at more affordable prices.
In conclusion, there are several fertility treatments available before IVF is considered, and each treatment option is chosen based on a detailed assessment of the couple’s unique situation. When the time comes to undergo IVF treatment in Istanbul, patients can feel confident knowing they are in expert hands with advanced treatment options and high success rates.
Before beginning IVF treatment in Istanbul, one of the most important steps is to undergo a series of diagnostic tests. These tests help identify any potential barriers to conception and ensure the most efficient and cost-effective path to a successful pregnancy. Proper diagnosis not only increases the likelihood of success but also reduces unnecessary treatments and costs. Both men and women need to undergo certain tests before starting the IVF process.
Women who are considering IVF treatment will need to undergo several tests to evaluate their reproductive health. These tests provide a detailed overview of the factors that may be impacting fertility. The key tests include:
Around 50% of infertility issues are related to male factors. A semen analysis is the primary test used to assess male fertility, but other evaluations may be required if abnormalities are found. These include:
Ovarian reserve testing helps doctors predict how well a woman will respond to IVF treatment. This includes measuring hormones such as FSH, Estradiol (E2),and AMH. An ultrasound is also performed to count the number of small follicles (AFC) in the ovaries. The results from these tests help specialists determine the best course of treatment, including how to tailor fertility medications to optimize egg retrieval.
Women with a low ovarian reserve often have elevated FSH and Estradiol levels, and a lower AMH. Their ultrasound will also show a reduced antral follicle count. While these results may suggest that fewer eggs are available, they do not necessarily mean that pregnancy is impossible. Many women with low ovarian reserve still achieve a successful pregnancy through IVF treatment. Advanced techniques and personalized treatment plans can maximize the chances of success, even in challenging cases.
In conclusion, thorough testing for both partners is essential for a successful IVF treatment. Each of these tests provides valuable insights into the underlying causes of infertility and helps create a personalized treatment plan that maximizes the likelihood of a successful pregnancy. IVF treatment in Istanbul offers state-of-the-art diagnostic techniques and expert care to ensure the best possible outcomes for couples seeking to start or grow their families.
When considering IVF treatment, the age of the woman plays a critical role in determining the success of the procedure. Generally, IVF treatments are offered to women aged between 18 and 45. However, as a woman ages, the quality of the eggs produced decreases, and the ovarian reserve (the number of eggs left) declines. This leads to a lower chance of pregnancy and an increased risk of miscarriage, especially after the age of 35.
Even though a woman may still have regular menstrual cycles, this does not necessarily indicate healthy egg quality. For women under 35, live birth rates hover around 40%, while for women aged 40 and over, this success rate drops to 10-15%. Although IVF can be attempted up to age 45, the chances of success significantly decrease after 40.
While men continue to produce sperm well into older age, the quality and motility of sperm decrease with age, and the likelihood of DNA damage in sperm increases. This can affect the overall success rates of IVF treatment and is one of the factors couples must consider when planning their fertility journey.
The first step in IVF treatment involves stimulating the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. This is achieved using hormonal injections, which are tailored based on the woman’s age, ovarian reserve, and test results. The goal is to produce as many eggs as possible to increase the likelihood of a successful fertilization.
The treatment typically begins on the second or third day of the menstrual cycle. During this time, ultrasound scans and hormone tests are conducted to monitor the ovaries and determine the appropriate dosage of medications. Follicles, which contain the eggs, are monitored closely through vaginal ultrasound to ensure they reach the desired size of 16-20 mm.
As the follicles grow, daily injections are administered to prevent premature ovulation. The ultimate goal is to retrieve a sufficient number of mature, fertilizable eggs, and the treatment duration usually lasts between 10 to 17 days.
Once the follicles have reached the optimal size, an injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is administered to trigger the final maturation of the eggs.
Egg retrieval, also known as ovum pick-up (OPU), is performed approximately 35-36 hours after the hCG injection. The procedure is done under light anesthesia, and the patient must fast for six hours before the operation.
During the procedure, a vaginal ultrasound is used to guide a needle into the ovaries, where the follicles are aspirated to collect the eggs. The aspirated fluid is examined in the laboratory to identify mature eggs. The entire procedure takes about 15-20 minutes, and patients can usually go home after resting for 1-2 hours.
After egg retrieval, progesterone-based medication is prescribed to prepare the uterine lining for embryo transfer.
On the day of the egg retrieval, the male partner provides a sperm sample through masturbation. If sperm cannot be collected through this method, surgical extraction may be necessary (TESA/TESE). The semen is then analyzed for sperm count, motility, and shape.
Once the eggs are retrieved, the surrounding cells are cleaned, and their maturity is assessed. Mature eggs undergo ICSI, where a single sperm is injected directly into the egg using specialized equipment. The fertilized eggs are then placed in a culture medium, and their development is monitored for several days.
Typically, around 70% of the eggs retrieved will be mature and suitable for fertilization, with 70% of those successfully fertilizing. For example, if 10 eggs are retrieved, about five embryos will likely develop, though this number can vary.
Embryo transfer is the final step in the IVF process. Embryos can be transferred on the second to fifth day after fertilization, depending on their development. During the procedure, a thin catheter containing the embryos is gently inserted into the uterus under ultrasound guidance.
The process is quick and painless, and anesthesia is not required. After the transfer, progesterone supplementation continues in the form of injections, suppositories, or creams to support the uterine lining. If pregnancy occurs, this hormonal support is maintained until the 8th to 10th week of pregnancy.
With advancements in IVF treatment technology, especially in Istanbul, couples have the opportunity to increase their chances of a successful pregnancy despite age-related challenges. Each stage of the IVF process is carefully monitored to maximize success and ensure the best possible outcome.
PGT is an advanced procedure offered in IVF treatment to examine the genetic health of embryos before they are transferred into the uterus. This test involves taking a cell sample from the embryos (a biopsy) and analyzing them for potential genetic abnormalities. PGT is highly recommended for couples at risk of passing on genetic disorders or abnormalities to their children. This screening aims to identify healthy embryos, thereby reducing the chances of miscarriage and increasing the overall success rate of IVF treatment in Istanbul.
PGT requires specialized laboratory equipment and highly trained personnel, making it a sophisticated addition to the IVF process. By screening embryos for genetic issues before implantation, the chances of a successful pregnancy and healthy birth are greatly improved.
1. Chromosomal Abnormalities: PGT is crucial for couples where one or both partners carry chromosomal abnormalities. This includes conditions such as reciprocal or Robertsonian translocations, inversions, and deletions, which can cause significant reproductive issues. Detecting these abnormalities early can help in selecting a genetically healthy embryo, improving the likelihood of IVF success.
2. Single Gene Disorders: Couples who are carriers of single-gene disorders are prime candidates for PGT. These disorders include diseases like Thalassemia, Cystic Fibrosis, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Sickle Cell Anemia, and Huntington's Disease. If both partners carry the same gene mutation, PGT can be used to screen embryos for this disorder, reducing the risk of passing the condition to their child. PGT can also be applied if one partner has a known single-gene disorder.
3. Sex-Linked Disorders: Some diseases are linked to sex chromosomes, particularly the X chromosome. In these cases, IVF treatment with PGT is recommended to screen for X-linked recessive disorders like Hemophilia, Fragile X Syndrome, Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD),and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). PGT can also be used to identify X-linked dominant conditions, such as Rett Syndrome and Incontinentia Pigmenti.
4. HLA Typing: For families who need an embryo that is a genetic match to a sick sibling, PGT can be used for HLA typing. This ensures that the embryo is compatible for bone marrow or stem cell transplantation for conditions like Thalassemia, Sickle Cell Anemia, Hemoglobinopathies, Leukemia, and Immunodeficiency Disorders.
5. Gender Selection for Medical Reasons: Some genetic diseases only affect one gender. In such cases, PGT is used to determine the sex of the embryos to avoid transferring embryos that carry a higher risk of gender-specific genetic conditions.
6. Advanced Maternal Age: Women aged 38 and above are more likely to produce embryos with chromosomal abnormalities. For older women undergoing IVF treatment in Istanbul, PGT can be a vital tool to screen embryos for genetic issues, which can increase the success rate of pregnancy and reduce the risk of miscarriage.
7. Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Couples who have experienced multiple miscarriages are often recommended PGT to identify chromosomally normal embryos for transfer. This can help to prevent future pregnancy losses.
8. Repeated IVF Failures: For patients who have undergone IVF treatment three or more times without success, PGT can help identify healthy embryos, increasing the likelihood of successful implantation and pregnancy.
9. Previous Genetic Issues: Couples who have previously had a pregnancy affected by a genetic disorder, such as Down Syndrome, or have given birth to a baby with a genetic problem, are often advised to undergo PGT during subsequent IVF treatments.
By integrating PGT into the IVF treatment process in Istanbul, couples can significantly improve their chances of a successful pregnancy and the birth of a healthy child. The use of Preimplantation Genetic Testing not only enhances the success rate of IVF but also provides peace of mind to couples with a known risk of genetic disorders.
For men diagnosed with azoospermia, where no sperm is present in the ejaculate, surgical methods are performed to retrieve sperm. Normally, sperm is produced in the testes and mixes with fluid from the prostate to form semen, which is then ejaculated through the penis. In azoospermia, sperm is absent in the semen. Azoospermia affects approximately 1% of all men and 10-15% of men facing infertility issues.
There are two primary causes of azoospermia:
1. Obstructive Azoospermia: This occurs when there is a blockage in the system that transports sperm from the testes through the epididymis, vas deferens, or ejaculatory ducts. Although sperm production in the testes is normal, it cannot reach the outside due to the blockage.
2. Non-Obstructive Azoospermia: In this case, the problem lies in the testicles themselves, where sperm production is impaired or absent.
Sperm can be retrieved from two primary locations:
1. From the Epididymis:
- Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA): A needle is used to extract sperm from the epididymis through the skin.
- Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA): This method involves using a microscope to precisely retrieve sperm from the epididymis.
2. From the Testicles:
- Testicular Sperm Aspiration (TESA): A needle is used to aspirate sperm directly from the testicles.
- Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE): A small surgical incision is made in the testicle to extract tissue for sperm retrieval.
- Microsurgical Testicular Sperm Extraction (micro-TESE): This advanced method uses a microscope to locate and extract sperm-producing tissues from the testes, maximizing the chances of finding viable sperm.
Sperm can be retrieved through two main approaches:
1. Open Surgical Approach:
- MESA (for sperm retrieval from the epididymis) or TESE/micro-TESE (for sperm retrieval from the testicle).
2. Needle Aspiration:
- PESA (for epididymal sperm retrieval) or TESA (for testicular sperm retrieval).
Each method has its advantages and risks, and the appropriate technique depends on the individual’s specific condition. Both approaches can be performed under local anesthesia or short general anesthesia, depending on the complexity of the procedure.
Needle aspiration methods, such as TESA or PESA, are the simplest and most cost-effective options. They are performed under local anesthesia and usually take around 10 minutes. However, for non-obstructive azoospermia, where sperm production in the testicles is impaired, sperm retrieval is more challenging. Techniques like TESE or micro-TESE involve a more extensive surgical approach, often requiring general or spinal anesthesia and taking several hours to complete.
The amount of sperm retrieved using these techniques is typically much lower compared to sperm found in the ejaculate, which is why Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is commonly used in such cases. If an excess of sperm is obtained during the retrieval procedure, it can be frozen for future use to avoid the need for repeated biopsies.
In cases of IVF treatment in Istanbul, these advanced surgical methods offer hope to men with azoospermia, helping to achieve higher success rates by enabling couples to use their own sperm for fertilization.
The duration of IVF treatment in Istanbul varies based on each couple's individual characteristics, such as the woman’s age and ovarian reserve. After an initial assessment, a personalized treatment plan is developed. In some cases, medications may need to be taken before the menstrual cycle begins.
The IVF process typically begins on the second day of the woman’s menstrual cycle. The ovarian stimulation phase lasts about 10 to 12 days, during which medications are administered to stimulate egg production. Following this, the eggs are retrieved and fertilized with the partner's sperm using the ICSI method. Two to five days after fertilization, the embryo is transferred to the woman’s uterus. Overall, the IVF treatment process takes about 15 to 20 days. A blood pregnancy test is conducted approximately two weeks after the egg retrieval to confirm whether the treatment has been successful.
After the embryo transfer, implantation into the uterine wall usually occurs within the first few days. A pregnancy test is performed on the 12th day after a 3-day embryo transfer, or the 10th day after a 5-day embryo transfer. A positive test result indicates successful implantation and the establishment of pregnancy.
In IVF treatment, after transferring one or two embryos into the uterus, any remaining high-quality embryos can be frozen and stored. Embryo freezing offers both economic and psychological benefits, as it eliminates the need for ovarian stimulation injections and egg retrieval procedures in future IVF cycles. Freezing embryos can also enhance the chances of IVF success by providing more opportunities for embryo transfers in subsequent cycles.
The embryo freezing process involves equilibrating the embryos in protective culture solutions (cryoprotectants) before gradually cooling and freezing them with specialized equipment. The embryos are stored in liquid nitrogen at -196°C. When the embryos are thawed, the cryoprotectants are carefully removed, and the embryos are placed in a special culture medium to prepare them for transfer.
There are two main techniques for freezing embryos:
1. Slow-Controlled Freezing: This was the first technique used for human cells.
2. Vitrification: A more advanced technique that has largely replaced slow freezing. Vitrification offers higher survival rates for embryos after thawing and has improved success rates for continuing development and achieving pregnancy.
Embryo freezing may be recommended in the following situations:
- Reduced Ovarian Reserve: If ovarian reserve is low, freezing embryos for future pregnancy attempts may be necessary.
- Freeze-All Protocol: Depending on the patient’s condition, embryo transfer may be postponed to a later cycle, with all embryos frozen for future use.
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): In women with PCOS, excessive ovarian response to stimulation may occur, resulting in the development of a large number of eggs. In such cases, a different trigger injection is used to induce ovulation, and all embryos are frozen to prevent Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS). The frozen embryos can be transferred in later months when the uterine lining is prepared with hormone therapy.
Embryo freezing is also performed in cases where Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) is planned, when there is a risk of OHSS, or when there are surplus high-quality embryos. Additionally, it is useful in situations where medical conditions or surgical interventions prevent immediate embryo transfer. By freezing embryos, couples undergoing IVF treatment in Istanbul can increase their chances of success by having more options for future embryo transfers.
Preparing the uterine lining for a frozen embryo transfer (FET) during IVF treatment in Istanbul involves several steps to ensure that the embryo has the best possible environment for implantation. The preparation process starts with a vaginal ultrasound on the second day of the woman’s menstrual cycle to check for the presence of any fibroids, polyps, or ovarian cysts that might interfere with the procedure.
1. Natural Cycle Monitoring: This involves tracking the woman's natural ovulation and transferring the thawed embryo at the optimal time after ovulation. However, this method requires close monitoring and may not be suitable for women living outside of Istanbul or those with irregular ovulation, such as patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
2. Ovulation Induction: Another method involves the use of oral medications to stimulate ovulation. The treatment starts between days 3 and 7 of the menstrual cycle, and ultrasound monitoring is used to track follicular development. Once the egg matures, a trigger shot is given to induce ovulation, followed by frozen embryo transfer approximately seven days later.
3. Estrogen and Progesterone Therapy: The most commonly used method involves administering estrogen pills to thicken the uterine lining. Once the lining reaches the optimal thickness, progesterone supplements are introduced to prepare the uterus for embryo transfer. Progesterone can be administered in various forms, such as vaginal capsules, gels, or injections, though vaginal progesterone capsules are often preferred.
Frozen embryos can be thawed and transferred at any stage between the 2-cell stage and the blastocyst stage, which is typically between the 2nd and 5th days of development. The transfer procedure is similar to fresh embryo transfer in IVF treatment. The patient is placed in a gynecological position, and the cervix is cleansed with sterile saline solution. The embryologist delivers the thawed embryos from the lab in a catheter. Under ultrasound guidance, the catheter is inserted into the uterus, and the embryos are placed at the ideal location. After the procedure, the patient rests for about 20-30 minutes before leaving the clinic.
Post-transfer, progesterone hormone support continues in the form of injections, suppositories, or creams to support the endometrium. This treatment, known as luteal phase support, is maintained until the 8th-10th week of pregnancy if the pregnancy test is positive.
After the embryo transfer, the woman can return to her normal daily activities, but it is important to avoid any strenuous physical exertion during this period. A pregnancy test is conducted 10-12 days after the transfer to determine whether implantation has occurred and the IVF treatment was successful.
The initial stages of egg freezing and embryo freezing in IVF treatment in Istanbul are similar. In both procedures, the ovaries are stimulated with hormone injections, and eggs are retrieved under ultrasound guidance. The difference lies in what happens next. In egg freezing, the eggs are frozen immediately. In embryo freezing, the eggs are fertilized with sperm, and the resulting embryos are observed for 2-5 days. The healthiest and highest-quality embryos are then selected for freezing. Unlike embryo freezing, egg freezing is an option for women who are not married or do not yet have a partner.
The embryos can be stored for one year, after which the couple must submit a signed request each year to continue storage. In the event of the couple’s joint request, death of one of the partners, or divorce, or if the storage period expires, the frozen embryos are disposed of under the supervision of a designated committee.
Frozen embryos offer couples undergoing IVF treatment in Istanbul increased flexibility and higher chances of success by allowing for future embryo transfers without the need for another round of ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval.
The success rate of embryo freezing in IVF treatment in Istanbul is closely tied to the quality of the embryos at the time of freezing. Higher-quality embryos are more likely to survive the freezing and thawing process, with a post-thaw survival rate of 75-90%. On the other hand, embryos of poorer quality have a significantly lower chance of survival, around 20-25%. For this reason, only the best-quality embryos are selected for freezing.
Globally, the pregnancy success rates following frozen embryo transfer vary between 25-50%, depending on factors such as the quality of clinical and laboratory procedures, the patient’s age, the underlying cause of infertility, and the survival rate of the thawed embryos. In Istanbul, specialized fertility clinics often offer optimized lab conditions and advanced techniques, contributing to higher success rates in IVF treatment.
Embryo freezing offers an efficient way for couples to try for a second pregnancy after their initial IVF treatment. If the first transfer does not result in pregnancy, or if a pregnancy ends in miscarriage or childbirth, the previously frozen embryos can be thawed and transferred to the woman’s uterus to attempt another pregnancy. In this scenario, the woman does not need to undergo the lengthy hormone treatments required in the initial IVF cycle, as many steps of the process can be bypassed. This makes frozen embryo transfer more affordable and less invasive for couples seeking to expand their families.
Scientific studies have indicated that babies born from frozen embryo transfer (FET) in IVF treatment generally do not exhibit an increased risk of health problems compared to those born from fresh embryo transfer. In fact, some studies suggest that women who conceive via frozen embryo transfer may have lower risks of miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight, perinatal mortality, placenta previa (low-lying placenta),and placental abruption (premature detachment of the placenta) compared to women who undergo fresh embryo transfer.
However, there is an observed increase in the risk of placenta accreta (where the placenta embeds too deeply into the uterine wall),large birthweight babies (over 4500 grams),and a higher likelihood of requiring a C-section for delivery.
When comparing patients who undergo frozen embryo transfer to those with fresh embryo transfers, studies show no significant differences in implantation rates, risk of ectopic pregnancy, preeclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertension),extremely low birth weight (below 1500 grams),very early preterm birth (before 32 weeks),NICU admissions, or congenital disabilities. This highlights that frozen embryo transfers in IVF treatments are a safe and successful option for many couples.
In IVF treatment, one of the key factors for success is the implantation of a healthy embryo in the uterus, which must continue developing into a pregnancy. For this process to occur successfully, the embryo needs to be of high quality. While advancements in reproductive technology have significantly increased IVF success rates, women who consistently produce poor-quality embryos face much lower chances of success.
Several factors can influence embryo quality, and they may be linked to the health of either the woman or the man. For couples who consistently produce poor-quality embryos, it may be necessary to conduct genetic testing to check for any chromosomal abnormalities. One common issue is balanced translocation, a condition where either partner has a chromosomal rearrangement that leads to most embryos carrying defects or being affected by the condition. In such cases, using preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to select healthy embryos can improve the chances of a successful pregnancy in IVF treatments.
Although poor embryo quality is often attributed to the woman’s eggs, sperm health can also play a crucial role. If the male partner has sperm issues, particularly if the sperm is obtained surgically through methods like TESE, and the sperm is immature (spermatids),the resulting embryos tend to be of poor quality, reducing the likelihood of achieving a pregnancy. Similarly, sperm with DNA damage may fertilize an egg but hinder the embryo’s development. For couples facing ongoing issues with embryo quality, sperm DNA analysis may be necessary to identify underlying problems affecting embryo formation.
Unfortunately, the causes of poor embryo quality are not always easily identifiable, making it challenging to offer targeted treatments. In some cases, supportive culture systems like co-culture, where cells from the endometrial lining are used to support embryo development, may be attempted. Other options include natural cycle IVF, altering culture mediums, assisted hatching, or using embryo glue to aid in implantation. However, the effectiveness of these techniques remains unproven.
For couples who have undergone multiple IVF cycles with consistently poor-quality embryos, egg donation may be considered as a final option, though this is not legally permitted in many countries, including Turkey.
By utilizing advanced genetic testing and tailoring IVF treatment plans to each patient's unique circumstances, clinics in Istanbul are continually working to improve the success rates for women dealing with poor embryo quality, providing them with a better chance of achieving a healthy pregnancy.
The success of IVF treatment largely depends on providing an accurate diagnosis and selecting the most effective treatment method for each couple without causing unnecessary delays or stress. Various factors influence the success rates of IVF treatment in Istanbul, including the woman’s age, the cause and duration of infertility, and the number of viable eggs. Among these, the age of the woman plays the most crucial role.
As women age, particularly those who do not respond well to ovarian stimulation drugs, the chances of a successful treatment decline. With advancing age, both the likelihood of pregnancy and live birth rates tend to decrease.
For women under 30, approximately 50% can achieve pregnancy with a single IVF attempt, including both fresh and frozen embryo transfers, while live birth rates hover around 30%. However, for women aged between 40 and 43, the chances of becoming pregnant drop to less than 12%, and live birth rates fall to 7-8%. Thus, age is a significant factor in determining IVF success.
When selecting an IVF clinic in Istanbul, cost is often a major consideration. IVF treatment costs in 2025 vary across different centers. Many clinics offer standard package pricing, but this may not always be the best option for achieving high success rates. A more personalized treatment plan, including customized tests and treatment protocols, may increase success rates but could also lead to variations in cost.
Opting for clinics that tailor treatments to individual needs may be a better choice for couples seeking higher IVF success rates in Istanbul.
Several factors can influence the outcome of IVF treatment, and understanding these can help patients prepare better and improve their chances of success. Some of the key factors include:
Each of these factors plays a significant role in determining the overall success rate of an IVF treatment cycle in Istanbul. By addressing these elements and working with a trusted IVF clinic, couples can significantly improve their chances of bringing home a baby through IVF.
For successful IVF treatment in Istanbul, it is essential to select one of the best IVF centers that offers a personalized approach to patient care. These centers should have a multidisciplinary team, including specialists such as gynecologists, genetic experts, embryologists, and psychologists, to ensure comprehensive support throughout the treatment.
An experienced IVF doctor must stay up-to-date with the latest advancements in reproductive medicine and IVF technologies. Istanbul is home to some of the top IVF doctors and leading IVF clinics worldwide, making it a key destination for patients seeking high success rates in fertility treatments.
The success of IVF treatment is mainly influenced by the expertise and experience of the doctor. Factors such as the number of cases the doctor has treated, how long they have been performing IVF procedures, and their ability to apply the latest scientific advancements are critical for achieving the best results. A skilled IVF doctor should offer a variety of treatment options and tailor them to the patient's unique needs.
Furthermore, a successful IVF journey requires the doctor to provide personalized attention throughout the treatment. This includes being available for consultations during emergencies, offering supportive and compassionate advice, and being proficient in performing additional procedures like hysteroscopy and laparoscopy if necessary. A good doctor-patient relationship, marked by warmth and trust, can greatly enhance the quality of the IVF experience.
Several factors can hinder the success of IVF treatment, even when conducted at a leading clinic in Istanbul:
By addressing these factors and choosing an experienced IVF doctor in Istanbul, couples can significantly improve their chances of a successful treatment and achieving a healthy pregnancy.
Even with high-quality embryo transfers, IVF treatment may not always result in pregnancy. If a woman fails to become pregnant despite the transfer of good-quality embryos, it is essential to assess and address any factors that may hinder embryo implantation. Once these issues are identified and corrected, there is a higher chance of success in future IVF attempts.
When poor-quality embryos are transferred, the chance of pregnancy is significantly reduced. However, embryo quality can vary from one treatment cycle to another. In cases where poor-quality embryos are consistently produced over multiple cycles, despite thorough testing and adjustments to the treatment protocol, the chances of success may remain low. In such situations, continuing the treatment may need to be reconsidered.
The process of undergoing IVF treatment can be emotionally overwhelming, with stress peaking during decision-making, treatment, and waiting for pregnancy results. The fear of failure, combined with the expectations of family and friends, can create significant psychological pressure and anxiety. Research has shown that high stress levels can negatively impact the success of IVF treatment.
To enhance the chances of a successful outcome, it is crucial for both partners to adopt a stress-free lifestyle. Open communication between partners, limiting the consumption of nicotine and caffeine, and engaging in stress-relieving activities such as yoga, exercise, or meditative practices can help alleviate anxiety during the treatment process.
Having an understanding and patient IVF doctor who is approachable and willing to answer all questions can also play a critical role in reducing stress for couples undergoing treatment. A compassionate medical team in Istanbul's top IVF clinics can help couples navigate the process with greater peace of mind, ultimately contributing to better treatment outcomes.
Before starting IVF treatment, women should avoid all toxic substances, including smoking and alcohol, for at least three months. Smoking negatively impacts ovarian reserve, and eggs exposed to smoking in the past tend to have lower fertilization rates.
It is crucial to lead a stress-free and structured life both before and during IVF treatment to optimize success. Reducing stress can have a positive impact on the outcome, as emotional and psychological well-being plays a significant role in fertility.
Women should prioritize healthy eating before and during IVF treatment. A diet that is rich in protein, fresh fruits, vegetables, and nuts like walnuts, almonds, and hazelnuts is highly beneficial. It is also important to eat small, frequent meals instead of large ones. Avoiding caffeinated and carbonated drinks is recommended, as they can have negative effects on fertility.
Certain nutrients, such as folate and zinc, which contain antioxidants, can improve fertility for both men and women. These antioxidants help neutralize free radicals that could potentially harm egg cells, enhancing the chances of a successful pregnancy.
A low-carbohydrate diet can help regulate menstrual cycles, maintain a healthy weight, lower insulin levels, and promote fat loss. In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS),reducing carbohydrate intake can significantly increase the chances of pregnancy.
In addition to the quantity, the type of carbohydrates consumed is also important. Refined carbohydrates, such as sugary foods, processed grains, and white pasta, bread, and rice, can cause rapid spikes in blood sugar and insulin levels. Elevated insulin levels can interfere with the production of reproductive hormones necessary for egg maturation and ovulation, reducing the chances of success in IVF.
It is essential for women to maintain a healthy weight before and during IVF treatment. Being either overweight or underweight can impact fertility and reduce the chances of getting pregnant. Excess body fat can lead to irregular menstrual cycles or stop menstruation altogether, while underweight women may also face difficulties conceiving.
Studies have shown that women with higher body weights experience significantly lower pregnancy rates during IVF treatment compared to women of normal weight. Additionally, obese women have higher rates of treatment cancellation and lower live birth rates. Weight loss for overweight or obese women can improve the chances of pregnancy and support a healthier, complication-free pregnancy.
Regular exercise can also contribute to the success of IVF treatment. While excessive physical activity (more than four hours a week) may reduce the chances of live birth, moderate exercise has been shown to increase clinical pregnancy rates. Engaging in physical activity can boost the levels of antioxidant enzymes, which protect eggs and sperm from damage.
Moderate exercise, such as walking or yoga, is beneficial for reducing stress and promoting overall health. However, high-intensity cardiovascular exercises should be avoided, and during certain stages of IVF treatment, doctors may advise stopping exercise altogether.
During IVF treatment, it is important to consult the fertility specialist before taking any medication, even for minor illnesses or pain. Women should not take any medication unless approved by their doctor, as some drugs can interfere with the hormonal balance required for IVF success.
Medications such as calcium channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, anti-androgens, and anabolic steroids can negatively affect IVF outcomes by disrupting hormonal balance or diminishing the effectiveness of fertility medications. To avoid any adverse interactions, provide your doctor with a full list of medications you are taking, including prescription drugs, supplements, and over-the-counter medications.
Pre-existing or chronic medical conditions should also be discussed with the fertility specialist before beginning treatment. These may include genital area disorders or any conditions that could impact reproductive health.
Adherence to the prescribed IVF protocol is critical for success. This includes following the correct dosage and timing of medications and injections, as recommended by the doctor. Proper medication administration and punctual attendance at appointments are key to maximizing the chances of a successful pregnancy.
By following these guidelines and working closely with an experienced IVF team, women undergoing IVF treatment in İstanbul can improve their chances of success and achieve a healthy pregnancy.
The process of sperm development, from a stem cell to a mature sperm, takes approximately three months. Maintaining a healthy weight, taking multivitamins, staying physically active, and following a balanced diet can significantly improve sperm quality, which plays a crucial role in the success of IVF treatment.
Men who smoke are more likely to have lower sperm counts and reduced sperm motility. Research has shown that smoking can increase sperm DNA fragmentation, which negatively impacts fertilization, embryo development, implantation, and raises the risk of miscarriage. Damaged sperm DNA increases the likelihood of pregnancy loss, which can directly affect the success of IVF treatment.
To enhance sperm quality, it’s essential to minimize exposure to factors that can increase scrotal temperature, as this can reduce sperm production. While the benefits are not fully proven, switching from tight underwear to boxers, reducing prolonged sitting, avoiding saunas and hot tubs, and limiting exposure to heat sources like laptops can all contribute to improving sperm quality.
In addition, men can take supplements that include vitamins and antioxidants, which can help boost sperm count and quality, potentially increasing the chances of a successful IVF treatment.
If a man experiences any health issues, such as a fever, inflammation, or herpes affecting the reproductive organs within three months prior to IVF treatment, he should inform his doctor. Additionally, any medications taken for these conditions must be discussed with the doctor to ensure they won’t negatively affect the IVF process.
On the day of egg retrieval, a sperm sample is collected from the male partner. It’s important to maintain a period of sexual abstinence for three days before this collection, but this period should not exceed seven days.
Starting a healthy diet and exercise routine with your partner before undergoing IVF treatment can significantly improve the chances of pregnancy and having a healthy baby. A well-balanced diet should include foods from five main groups: fruits and vegetables, starchy foods like bread, rice, potatoes, and pasta, dairy products, proteins like meat, fish, eggs, and legumes, as well as fats and sugars in moderation.
To optimize your diet for fertility, it’s important to reduce refined sugars, processed foods, and salt. Avoiding trans fats, which can clog arteries and damage heart and blood vessels, is essential as these can also threaten fertility. Additionally, limit the intake of high-calorie foods such as chips, biscuits, fatty meats, pastries, cakes, fast foods, and sugary desserts. Instead of sugary drinks or alcohol, drink water to stay hydrated.
For main meals, make sure that half of your plate consists of vegetables, and use smaller plates to help control portion sizes. Eating regularly and avoiding unhealthy snacks will help you maintain steady energy levels.
Increasing daily physical activity is also important. Simple activities like walking or climbing stairs can make a significant difference. Setting realistic weight goals can help keep you motivated and improve your overall health. Losing about half a kilogram to one kilogram per week is a healthy and sustainable target. Even if you don’t reach your ideal weight, adopting these lifestyle changes will have a positive impact on your health and fertility. Begin making these changes before attempting to conceive, and continue them during pregnancy and beyond.
While IVF treatment offers hope to many couples, it’s important to understand that there are some associated risks, both in the short and long term. The most common risks of IVF treatment include:
Understanding and addressing these risks with an experienced IVF specialist can help manage potential complications and increase the chances of a successful pregnancy through IVF treatment in İstanbul.
These risks can occur during the treatment period or shortly after the treatment concludes.
1. Side Effects of Medications
During IVF treatment, hormone injections are used to stimulate the ovaries to develop multiple eggs. Most short-term risks in IVF stem from the side effects of these medications. Although a small number of women may react to the drugs, the side effects are generally mild. Common side effects include:
2. Risks of Egg Retrieval (OPU)
After the hormone treatment to stimulate the ovaries, eggs are collected around 36 hours after the trigger shot. Egg retrieval is performed under anesthesia and usually takes about 10-15 minutes. While the risks of both the procedure and anesthesia are very low, they do exist.
A study conducted in Germany that examined 380,000 egg retrieval procedures found that 0.07% of women experienced vaginal bleeding, 0.05% had intra-abdominal bleeding, and 0.001% reported bowel injuries or peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum).
Some women may feel unwell in the days following egg retrieval. Some report period-like cramps, while others experience bloating or abdominal discomfort. The ovaries typically return to their normal size about 5-7 days after the procedure.
3. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)
During IVF treatment, the ovaries are stimulated in a controlled manner. However, in some cases, the ovaries may be overstimulated, leading to fluid accumulation in the abdomen and enlarged ovaries, a condition known as Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS). OHSS is more common in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Symptoms include bloating, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and increased thirst. In severe cases, excessive fluid may accumulate in the abdomen, breathing difficulties may occur, and there may be a reduced need to urinate.
1. Ectopic Pregnancy Risk
Factors that increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy in IVF treatment include previous tubal disease, endometriosis, past tubal surgeries, pelvic infections, being over 35 years old, and smoking. The risk of ectopic pregnancy in IVF is 3-5 times higher than in natural pregnancies, and the risk of both uterine and ectopic pregnancies occurring simultaneously is at least 30 times greater. In women with hydrosalpinx, closing or removing the fallopian tubes can reduce the risk of ectopic pregnancy.
2. Early Pregnancy Complications
Women who conceive through IVF treatment have a four-fold higher risk of bleeding during the early stages of pregnancy compared to those who conceive naturally. Increased anxiety in women following IVF treatment is associated with a higher rate of hospital visits during early pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage Risk
There is no scientific evidence suggesting that IVF treatment increases the risk of miscarriage. The incidence of miscarriages and chromosomal abnormalities is similar between women who conceive naturally and those who undergo IVF.
4. Multiple Pregnancy Risk
The risk of multiple pregnancies increases when more than one embryo is transferred to the uterus. Multiple pregnancies come with higher risks, such as gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, increased cesarean rates, anemia, and excessive bleeding during delivery.
Multiple pregnancies can also pose serious health risks to the babies. At least half of twins are born prematurely and with low birth weight, which can lead to severe, sometimes long-term, health issues, and in extreme cases, death. The risk of early or late miscarriage is also much higher in multiple pregnancies.
5. Cancer Risk Associated with IVF Medications
Certain cancers, including those affecting the female reproductive system and breast cancer, are hormone-dependent. While infertility itself is a risk factor for specific cancers like ovarian, breast, and uterine cancers, studies have shown that there is no direct link between IVF treatment and an increased risk of cancers such as ovarian, breast, endometrial, cervical, thyroid, or colon cancer, regardless of the number of IVF cycles or the types of medications used.
6. Risk of Birth Defects in Children Born via IVF
Studies have shown that babies born through IVF treatment do not have a higher incidence of congenital defects compared to babies conceived naturally. Additionally, there is no difference in their later behavioral or cognitive development. However, a slight increase in the risk of sex chromosome abnormalities has been observed in cases where severe male infertility is treated using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Some studies have reported a marginally higher, but statistically insignificant, increase in heart defects, neural tube defects, and hypospadias.
7. Does Ovarian Stimulation Damage the Ovaries or Cause Early Menopause?
During IVF treatment, hormone injections stimulate the growth of follicles, which contain eggs. In one cycle of IVF, typically no more than 15-20 eggs are retrieved. Since the ovaries contain thousands of follicles, the stimulation of these follicles does not damage the ovaries or lead to early menopause.
What is Egg Freezing?
Egg freezing, also known as oocyte cryopreservation, is a fertility preservation method designed to ensure women can maintain their ability to conceive in the future. This innovative IVF treatment is particularly beneficial for women who do not wish to become pregnant immediately but aspire to do so later in life. During the egg freezing process, eggs are retrieved from the ovaries, frozen, and stored for potential future use. When a woman decides to pursue pregnancy, these eggs can be thawed, fertilized with sperm, and transferred as embryos into the uterus, leading to successful conception.
When Should Egg Freezing Be Considered?
In Turkey, egg freezing was historically permitted only for medical reasons, such as cancer treatment. However, following the Ministry of Health's revised Reproductive Health Regulation in 2014, the procedure can now be performed on women who are at risk of diminished ovarian reserve and have not yet completed their families. This includes single women wishing to preserve their fertility due to advancing age or personal circumstances that may delay motherhood.
While theoretically, women aged 14 to 45 can undergo egg freezing, the chances of retrieving high-quality eggs significantly decline after the age of 38. Therefore, women are strongly encouraged to consider egg freezing before reaching this age to maximize the quantity and quality of eggs available for future use.
Who is a Suitable Candidate for Egg Freezing?
Candidates for egg freezing generally fall into two categories. The first category encompasses women who face social pressures, such as those who have not yet completed their education, achieved economic independence, or found a suitable partner. These women often postpone marriage and childbearing but wish to preserve their fertility as they age.
The second category includes women with medical concerns, such as a family history of early menopause or breast cancer, the presence of endometriosis, and genetic disorders that may lead to reduced ovarian reserve. Additionally, women undergoing treatments for conditions like sickle cell anemia or rheumatoid diseases may also choose to freeze their eggs before starting potentially harmful therapies such as chemotherapy or radiation.
How is Egg Freezing Performed?
The egg freezing process begins on the second or third day of a woman’s menstrual cycle, during which ovarian stimulation occurs through daily hormone injections over approximately 12 to 15 days. The eggs are then retrieved using ultrasound guidance while the patient is under light anesthesia.
How are Eggs Stored and Used?
At the IVF center, retrieved eggs are mixed with cryoprotectants and frozen using a specialized method called vitrification at a temperature of -196 degrees Celsius. This process allows the eggs to be stored in nitrogen tanks for several years. When it’s time to use the eggs, the cryoprotectants are removed, and the eggs are placed in special culture media for fertilization.
Can Cancer Patients Become Parents?
For women diagnosed with cancer, egg freezing offers an opportunity to preserve fertility before undergoing treatments that may harm reproductive cells, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
How Long Can Frozen Eggs Be Stored?
According to the Ministry of Health's regulations updated in 2014, frozen eggs can be stored at medical centers for a maximum of five years. Should individuals wish to extend this period, they can do so with permission from the Ministry.
What is the Success Rate of Egg Freezing?
Women are born with a finite number of eggs, which diminishes as they age. For instance, a female fetus has about 6-7 million eggs at five months gestation, but this number drops to approximately 1-2 million at birth. By the time a girl reaches her first menstrual cycle, the number decreases to about 300,000 to 400,000, with only about 400 eggs ovulated throughout her reproductive years.
The likelihood of conceiving peaks around age 25 but begins to decline steadily through the 30s and significantly drops after age 35. By age 45, natural conception becomes nearly impossible due to the severe reduction in viable eggs. Awareness of "ovarian reserve"—the count of eggs in a woman’s ovaries—and "ovarian aging," which describes the decrease in both the quantity and quality of eggs with age, is crucial in understanding fertility preservation.
What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Egg Freezing?
The primary advantage of egg freezing is that it provides women with the opportunity to maintain their fertility despite age-related declines in ovarian reserve and egg quality. This is particularly beneficial for women who are not yet ready for parenthood due to personal or economic reasons. Additionally, women facing potential fertility threats due to medical treatments can preserve their chance of having children in the future.
However, there are disadvantages to consider. To increase the likelihood of successful outcomes, multiple eggs need to be frozen, typically around 8 to 10. This requires ovarian stimulation through hormonal treatments, which can be time-consuming and costly. Women with diminished ovarian reserves may need to undergo multiple rounds of egg freezing to obtain the desired quantity.
Where Should Egg Freezing Be Conducted?
Egg freezing procedures should be carried out by a qualified IVF specialist in a reputable fertility clinic with robust laboratory facilities. It is essential to choose a center with experienced professionals who can effectively stimulate the ovaries and retrieve a sufficient number of quality eggs for storage.
By utilizing comprehensive IVF treatments in Istanbul, women can successfully preserve their fertility and enhance their chances of future parenthood.
What is Sperm Freezing?
Sperm freezing, or sperm cryopreservation, is a process in which sperm is collected, analyzed, frozen, and stored for long-term use. This procedure allows sperm to be preserved for future use in fertility treatments like IVF. By freezing sperm, men can maintain their fertility, ensuring they have the option to father children later in life.
The primary advantage of sperm freezing is that it gives men the opportunity to preserve their fertility, especially if they are undergoing medical treatments that might affect sperm production, or if they are not ready to start a family yet but wish to do so in the future. This method is particularly valuable for men seeking IVF treatment in Istanbul, offering high success rates for conception.
Who Should Consider Sperm Freezing and Why?
There are several reasons why a man might consider freezing his sperm:
1. Before a Vasectomy: Men may choose to freeze their sperm before undergoing a vasectomy (surgical sterilization) in case they later change their minds about having children.
2. Aging: As men age, sperm quality and quantity tend to decline, so freezing sperm at a younger age can be beneficial.
3. Low Sperm Count or Quality: If a man has a low sperm count or poor sperm quality that is progressively worsening, freezing sperm can preserve their current fertility status.
4. Difficulty Providing a Sample: During IVF treatment, if a man anticipates difficulties in providing a sperm sample on the day of egg retrieval, freezing sperm in advance can ensure the process is not delayed.
5. Partner Availability: In cases where the man works abroad or cannot be present on the egg retrieval day during IVF, having pre-frozen sperm is a convenient solution.
6. Before Cancer Treatment: Men diagnosed with cancer may want to freeze their sperm before undergoing gonadotoxic chemotherapy or radiation therapy to protect their fertility.
7. Testicular Surgery: Men undergoing testicular surgery may also opt to freeze sperm in advance.
8. Chronic Illnesses: Conditions like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, or degenerative diseases may affect sperm production, making sperm freezing a prudent choice.
How is Sperm Collected?
Sperm is usually collected through masturbation. Samples can be provided either at home or at the clinic, but it is important to use a sterile, non-toxic lubricant. Men are typically advised to abstain from sexual activity for two to five days before providing a sample to optimize sperm count and quality.
For men with no sperm present in the semen (azoospermia),surgical procedures such as Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA),Micro Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA),Testicular Sperm Aspiration (TESA),or Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE) can be used to retrieve sperm.
How is Sperm Stored?
After sperm collection, the sample is allowed to liquefy at 37°C for 30 minutes. The sperm is then analyzed for count, motility, and morphology. Once prepared through a process called sperm density gradient washing, the sample is ready for freezing.
Cryoprotectants, low-molecular-weight chemicals designed to protect sperm from freezing damage, are added to the sperm before freezing. The sperm sample is mixed with a sperm freezing solution gradually and then stored in cryovials, which are labeled with patient identification information. The cryovials are first suspended in liquid nitrogen vapor at -196°C before being fully submerged in liquid nitrogen for long-term storage.
How Long Can Sperm Be Frozen?
Frozen sperm can remain viable for decades if properly processed and stored in liquid nitrogen. Studies have shown that sperm can be successfully thawed and used even after 24 years of storage. Despite being frozen for many years, sperm can still result in a healthy pregnancy, making this process an effective way to preserve fertility for IVF treatment in Istanbul.
Does Freezing Damage Sperm?
Sperm freezing has been in use since 1953 and is considered a safe and standardized procedure. Advancements in technology have continuously improved the success of the process. Research shows that there is no increased risk of birth defects associated with using frozen sperm.
What Are the Risks of Sperm Freezing?
There are no significant risks associated with providing a sperm sample through masturbation. However, if surgical extraction is required (PESA, TESA, MESA, TESE, or micro-TESE),minor risks such as bleeding or discomfort may occur, as with any surgical procedure.
What is the Success Rate of Sperm Freezing?
One of the main concerns with sperm freezing is that not all sperm survive the freezing and thawing process. However, even though the number of viable sperm may be reduced after thawing, those that do survive are just as capable of fertilizing an egg as fresh sperm. In fact, high success rates are achieved using frozen-thawed sperm in IVF treatments, especially when combined with advanced techniques like Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI).
By offering sperm freezing as part of IVF treatment, clinics in Istanbul can significantly increase the chances of success for couples and individuals aiming to start or expand their families in the future.
How is IVF treatment administered in different ways?
IVF treatment in Istanbul can be tailored according to a woman’s age and ovarian reserve, based on tests and examinations. Depending on the patient’s condition at the time of embryo transfer, a fresh embryo transfer may be done immediately or the embryos may be frozen for transfer in a future cycle (known as total freeze).
For women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS),there may be an excessive ovarian response before egg retrieval, causing the ovaries to produce too many eggs and enlarge. In these cases, a different trigger shot is used, and all the embryos formed after fertilization are frozen (total freezing). This approach helps prevent Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS). After preparing the uterine lining with hormonal treatments, the embryo transfer is done in the following months.
Another IVF approach involves using frozen-thawed embryos for transfer in women who did not conceive after a fresh transfer, or those who became pregnant and gave birth but wish to conceive again.
Does the number of transferred embryos affect the success rate?
While transferring more embryos can increase the chances of pregnancy, it also raises the risk of multiple pregnancies. To manage this, the Ministry of Health in Turkey has regulated the number of embryos that can be transferred. For women under 35 years of age and in their first two IVF attempts, only one embryo transfer is allowed. After the third attempt or for women over 35, up to two embryos can be transferred.
How many times can IVF treatment be attempted?
IVF treatment doesn’t always result in pregnancy on the first attempt, and multiple cycles are often necessary to achieve success. There is no strict limit on how many times IVF can be tried. Couples can continue treatment based on their wishes and the doctor’s recommendations, provided they have enough healthy eggs and sperm. However, after the third IVF cycle, the chances of success generally begin to decrease.
Does diet affect the success of IVF treatment?
A balanced diet is crucial for increasing the success rates of IVF treatment. Before starting the process, women planning for pregnancy should focus on consuming healthy foods that improve overall well-being, ensuring proper nutrition, and maintaining an active lifestyle. Fresh vegetables and plenty of water are recommended, while processed foods should be avoided. Additionally, raw meat, unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses, and foods containing heavy metals or mercury should be avoided due to potential infection risks.
Is there a connection between weight and the success of IVF?
Excess weight and obesity significantly reduce a couple's chances of conceiving. Women with a healthy weight often conceive naturally, without the need for fertility treatments. Poor nutrition and obesity can also lead to reduced sperm quality in men, contributing to infertility. Consuming foods with trans fats and heavy metals can impair sperm motility, further affecting fertility.
Does the season impact IVF success?
There is no scientific evidence suggesting that the season affects IVF success rates, egg retrieval, embryo quality, or implantation. The best time for IVF treatment is determined based on the patient’s medical and personal circumstances, rather than any seasonal factors.
Why does bleeding occur during IVF?
Some women may experience light spotting for a few days after egg retrieval. Additionally, light vaginal bleeding, known as luteal phase bleeding, can occur after embryo transfer but before the pregnancy test. Many patients worry that this bleeding signals treatment failure, but pregnancy is still possible even with some bleeding. It’s important to continue taking medications like progesterone, which supports the luteal phase, and wait for the pregnancy test result.
By understanding these common questions and the factors that impact IVF treatment in Istanbul, couples can feel more confident about their journey and improve their chances of success with the right approach.
Is there a restriction on sexual intercourse during IVF treatment?
During IVF treatment in Istanbul, restrictions on sexual intercourse depend on the stage of treatment and your doctor's recommendations. While undergoing hormone injections to stimulate egg production, couples are generally allowed to engage in sexual intercourse. However, to ensure optimal sperm quality for the IVF procedure, sexual abstinence is recommended for at least 2-3 days before the egg retrieval day. Additionally, sexual activity should be avoided in the two days leading up to egg collection to prevent complications.
After egg retrieval, some doctors may advise using condoms during sexual intercourse to prevent the risk of multiple pregnancies. Whether or not intercourse is permitted after egg retrieval depends on factors like the sensitivity of the uterus and ovaries and the risk of infection. Your doctor will provide specific guidance based on your situation.
Regarding sexual intercourse after embryo transfer, medical opinions differ. Some experts suggest that intercourse and orgasm could interfere with embryo implantation, while others believe it does not reduce the chances of a successful pregnancy. It’s essential to follow your doctor’s advice, as individual cases can vary.
For couples experiencing moderate or severe Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) due to overstimulated ovaries, sexual intercourse is not recommended. This condition, characterized by fluid accumulation in the abdomen and enlarged ovaries, can increase the risk of ovarian bleeding or discomfort during intercourse. In such cases, it’s best to refrain from sexual activity until your doctor gives clearance.
Maintaining close communication with your fertility specialist during IVF treatment in Istanbul is crucial for ensuring the best chance of success and avoiding complications related to sexual activity.
What is the difference between IUI and IVF treatment?
Intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) are both fertility treatments, but they differ in their approach and complexity. In IUI treatment, also known as artificial insemination, sperm is specially prepared in the laboratory to concentrate the most active and healthy sperm into a small amount of fluid, typically 0.5 ml. On the day when the woman's egg is ready for fertilization, this fluid containing the sperm is inserted directly into the uterus using a thin catheter. The sperm then travels through the fallopian tubes to fertilize the egg naturally within the woman's body. If fertilization occurs, the resulting embryo moves down from the fallopian tubes into the uterus, where it may implant into the uterine lining to start a pregnancy.
On the other hand, IVF treatment is a more advanced procedure where the eggs are collected from the woman's ovaries and fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment. The fertilization occurs outside the body, and the resulting embryo is then transferred directly into the woman’s uterus. IVF allows for closer monitoring of fertilization and embryo development, giving it a higher success rate than IUI, particularly in more complex fertility cases.
When considering fertility treatments in Istanbul, understanding the differences between IUI and IVF is essential for choosing the right method. IVF treatment tends to offer a higher success rate, especially in cases of unexplained infertility or when there are issues with the fallopian tubes or sperm quality. The success of IVF treatment in Istanbul has made it a popular choice for couples seeking fertility assistance.
Prof. Dr. Nilgün TurhanGynecology, Obstetrics and IVF Treatment Specialist
PROF. DR. NILGÜN TURHAN
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